Gambling as an Addiction: MENTAL HEALTH Alert

Navigating the Global Gamble: Challenges and Charting Future Directions

The global gambling industry is rapidly expanding, with revenues projected to reach US$700 billion by 2028. Fueled by the proliferation of smartphones and digital platforms—especially in low- and middle-income countries—gambling has become more normalized and accessible than ever. Although commonly regarded as a form of entertainment, gambling poses serious public health risks. The World Health Organization recognizes gambling disorder as a medical condition affecting about 1.2% of the adult population, while the negative impact of gambling extends far beyond the individual, affecting families and entire communities. This article explores the escalating burden of gambling harm, examines key barriers to effective prevention and control, and proposes future directions grounded in public health principles.

The harm caused by gambling is extensive and multifaceted. It includes not only personal addiction but also severe consequences such as financial instability, food insecurity, housing problems, strained relationships, and increased rates of anxiety, depression, and suicide. For every high-risk gambler, an estimated six other individuals—often non-gamblers—are negatively affected. This ripple effect is especially pronounced in close-knit cultural settings. Major contributors to this crisis include the aggressive commercialization of gambling, the pervasive presence of gambling advertisements (particularly in sports and youth-focused content), and the increasing availability of high-speed online gambling platforms. These platforms are often concentrated in socio-economically disadvantaged areas, exacerbating existing inequalities.

Efforts to combat gambling harm face several formidable challenges. A critical issue is the lack of standardized data collection and global monitoring, which limits the ability to measure the problem accurately and implement targeted interventions. In addition, the gambling industry's powerful economic influence can lead to government reluctance in enacting stricter regulations. The industry also funds research and promotes voluntary “responsible gambling” measures that shift responsibility onto individuals rather than addressing systemic risks. Moreover, stigma prevents many affected individuals from seeking help, while treatment services remain limited, inaccessible, or under-resourced in many regions. A lack of international cooperation further complicates the regulation of cross-border online gambling and impedes global harm reduction strategies.

To address these concerns, the article calls for a shift towards universal public health interventions. These include comprehensive bans on gambling advertising and sponsorships, the implementation of mandatory account registration systems with pre-set limits, product safety regulations such as betting caps and break periods, and the enforcement of robust regulatory mechanisms. Counter-advertising campaigns, increased public funding for independent research, and stigma-reduction efforts are also essential. Moreover, policies must restrict the gambling industry’s influence over research and legislation. Finally, global collaboration through international bodies like the WHO is vital to establish consistent standards and address the transnational nature of digital gambling.

The growing burden of gambling harm represents a pressing public health crisis that demands immediate and unified global action. Overcoming industry resistance, regulatory fragmentation, and inadequate data systems will not be easy. However, a clear path forward exists through the adoption of independent, evidence-based, and population-wide public health strategies. By prioritizing prevention, regulation, research, and accessible treatment—and fostering global cooperation—the international community can protect vulnerable populations and shift the narrative from profit-driven "responsible gambling" to a truly health-centered approach. 

 Gambling is no longer just a leisure activity—it has become a serious public health concern due to its widespread harm. Gambling disorder affects around 1.2% of the global adult population, but its impact extends beyond individuals to families and entire communities. Harms include financial distress, relationship breakdowns, mental health issues like anxiety and depression, and even increased suicide risk. These harms are amplified by aggressive marketing, easy online access, and insufficient regulation, making gambling a significant global burden. 

 Several key challenges hinder the effective control of gambling harm. These include the lack of standardized global data and monitoring systems, which makes it difficult to assess the full scale of the problem. The gambling industry's political and financial influence often leads to weak regulations and biased research. Many countries rely on gambling revenue, discouraging strict reforms. Additionally, stigma surrounding gambling disorder prevents people from seeking help, and treatment services are often limited or underfunded. 

A public health approach is essential to reduce gambling harm. Effective solutions include banning gambling advertising and sponsorships, requiring gamblers to pre-set time and spending limits, and enforcing product safety regulations like bet caps and forced breaks. Governments must invest in independent research, provide accessible treatment services, and launch awareness campaigns to reduce stigma. Most importantly, global collaboration—especially in regulating online gambling—is necessary to create consistent and effective harm reduction strategies worldwide.

Online and mobile gambling significantly increase the risk of harm by making gambling available anytime and anywhere. With just a smartphone, people can place bets instantly—often without realizing how much time or money they’re spending. Many digital platforms use high-speed, high-intensity games that are designed to keep users engaged longer. This constant accessibility, combined with targeted advertising and lack of strict regulations (especially for offshore operators), makes it harder for individuals to control their gambling behavior and easier for new users, including minors, to be exposed.